Digestive System: Nutrition

Definition: Is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in

the form of

food) to support life.

Types of nutrition:

• Carbohydrates: They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain-based products. Carbohydrates are not essential nutrient but are typically an important part of the human diet.

• Fats: The major kinds of fats in the foods we eat are saturated. Saturated fats and trans fats raise blood cholesterol. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease.

• Protein: They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimessulphur .The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins and to replace damaged proteins.

• Water: Normally, about 20 percent of water intake comes in food, while the rest comes from drinking water and assorted beverages . Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; including urine , sweating, and by water vapor in the exhaled breath.

• Vitamins: Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not "essential" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds.
• Minerals: The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements. the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt.

• Pyramid Food:
• 
• Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ea7LtEZOYk

Substances in the Endocrine System

There are many substances that contribute or alter this system.

One of these disruptors would be the -->

Endocrine Disruptor. This disruptor is an exogenous substance that alters certain functions in the endocrine system. It also gives health side effects into intact organisms.


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Non-persistent Chemicals. These substances are moved from their environment because of biological systems. In this case, the system was the endocrine system.

Digestive diseases

Digestive diseases






• It is when our body doesn’t tolerate the lactose.
• It is caused by deficiency in the enzyme lactase.
• Its main symptoms are Diarrhea, Flatulence and Excess gas or burping.
• Did you know that about 90% of Asian adults are lactose intolerant?





• It is when stool is blocked from progressing down the digestive tract.
• Some causes can be Hernias, Cancer, Impacted feces, Swallowed objects, etc.
• Some symptoms are abdominal pain, Vomiting, Indigestion, Bad breath, urge to have bowel movement, etc.
 




• It is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
• Some causes are because the ingestion of alcoholic beverages, Autoimmune disorders and immune response to other diseases.
• Its main symptoms are Upset stomach, Blood in stool and Pain or burning sensation in the stomach

Ciculatory system

circulatory system Parts

Arteries:

Are the ones than send the oxygened

blood from the hearth to all the parts of the body

Veins: Are the ones than conduct the blood from the capilaries to the hearth.

Capilaries: are the samllest of the blood vessels and are partt of the microocirculation.

Substances that damage the circulatory and repiratory system:

Nicotine: one of the most damaging substances to the respiratory and circulatory system is the nicotine. Nicotine is one of the substances that smokers get from cigarettes. Smokers need some amount of nicotine, daily, to feel normal and to control their mood. And, when they continue smoking, they need more and more nicotine, so each time they consume more. Basically what nicotine does is to make you consume it more each time you smoke. Also, it hardens your arteries, which make you increase your level of bad cholesterol.
Tar: It contains cancer-causing substances. Tar is brown and stains teeth, fingernails and lungs tissue.
Carbon monoxide: What carbon monoxide cause is that less oxigen reaches the brain, heart, mussels and other organs.
Hidrogen cyanide: the lungs clean themselfs with little hairs. this stops the lungs clearence system from working properly.

Free radicals: They react with cholesterol, and make easier to build-up the artery walls.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeM744Z2V4A&feature=related

Digestive System Substances

In the Process of digestion Substances are in food are break down and are used for energy growth and repair. The digestive system depends on the action of small substances called enzymes that are responsible for all the chemical reactions that happen trough the digestive process.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, were food being chewed by teeth and the salivary glands start a secretion of the enzyme ptyalin. This enzyme starts breaking some of the carbohydrates into smaller molecules.

Food then travels through the oesophagus and down into the stomach. Here the mixture of chemicals such as Hydrocrolic acid, mucus and the enzyme pepsin is mixed with them. Ptyalin stops working but a series of chemicals reaction begins.

The hormone gastrin stimulates the stomach cells to release the hydrochloric acid and pepsisn after food is in the stomach. Mucus secretion prevents the stomach from becoming damaged by acid that is released from the hydrochloric acid and other enzymes. That is why when acidity reaches a certain level the gastrin production stops.

When food leaving the stomach, an acid liquid called chyme enters to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. The duodenum makes and releases large quantities of mucus, again to protect it from being damage.

The duodenum has other functions. It receives large quantities of digestive juices from the pancreas, and considerable quantities of bile which after been stored in the gallbladder it becomes more powerful and increases it potency on breaking down lipids.

Excretory System (Substances)

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Substances

Carbon Dioxide :

The main substance excreted from our body by the lungs. Waste product of cellular respiration.

Urea :

Product of the filtration of the blood. Filtered by the kidneys and excreted by the Urinary System.

Water :

Used to regulate the skin temperature and as a medium to excrete other substances

Salt :

Excreted in the sweat to regulate skin temperature.

Iron :

This is excreted by our intestine, this is the substance that makes feces look brownish. The iron is from the dead red blood cells excreted.


This substances are the main and most important because the total would be incalculable. Just with urine we got arround 15 different substances. This were the main or at least the ones I thought we see most commonly.

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Digestive System-Organs BY Maria Fernanda Vargas

Important Organs

Mouth:Inlet opening of the
digestive trac. Inside is the teeth
and the tongue.

Esophagous: Tube that carries

food to the stomach.

Stomach:widenign of the digestive

tract. It holds two litres

Samall Intestine: (6m long)
Tube bending on itself. It is
divided into duedenum, jejunum
and ileum.

Large intestine: (1,5 m long)

last part of the digestive tract. It is
divided into cecum, colon and
rectum.

Excretory System: Wastes - Solid

Defecation:

- The digestive system removes feces, the solid undigested wastes of digestion, by a process called defecation.

-Is the final act of digestion by wich organism eliminate solids.


Diferences of Defecation and Excretion:

-Defecation is the final act of digestion by which organisms eliminate solid.

-Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism.


Don´t forget:
- The skin also acts as an organ of excretion by removing water and small amounts of urea and salts.
Defecation also can be called elimination.

Hormones in the Endocrine System

Even though we may not realize their importance, the glands of the endocrine system influence almost every cell that is in our bodies. The Endocrine System is made up of glands. The glands are the essential part of this system because they are the ones who secrete hormones. Hormones are basically chemicals released by a cell in one part of the body to send the message to any other part of our organism. They regulate the body's:

. Mood
. Growth & Development
. Tissue Function
. Sexual Function
. Reproductive Processes

This system is in charge of slow processes like cell growth while the Nervous System is in charge of immediate and faster ones like breathing and moving. Even though they are both separate systems, they often work together to help the body function properly.

Hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body. The word hormone means to 'excite' or 'spur on' and that's exactly what they do. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body.

Nervious System-Diseases

When the brain is healthy it functions quickly and automatically, that means that the brain is the control center of the body. It controls thoughts, memory, speech and movement, and It regulates the function of many organs.



But when it doesn´t work correctly, it is because something is causing some damage to the brain. If we want to be aware of what things can cause damage to the brain, we first need to know that types of diseases can attack the brain.

These are the types of brain diseases:

 Neurogenetic diseases: These are diseases that are inherited.
 Degenerative diseases of adult life: These diseases are mostly neurogenetic diseases. These diseases are found in old people. These diseases affect the balance, movement, talking, breathing and heart function, of the person. Alzheimer disease is a clear example of degenerative diseases.
 Metabolic diseases: These diseases affect the way the brain functions.
 Cerebrovascular diseases: These diseases are caused by problems of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
 Trauma: It occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. Some examples of these traumas can be: when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.
 Infectious diseases: These diseases are: Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic, Prion and Viral diseases.
 Brain tumors: A tumor is any mass caused by abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cells, in this case the tumor affects the brain.

Here there is a very interesting video about the Alzheimer diseases: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wv9jrk-gXc

Endocrine system- organs. ANNA PAULA CORONADO MALDONADO

There are nine organs in the endocrine system. The organs are:

Hypothalamus: it is located in the brain and controls water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.

Pineal Body: it is also located in the brain and produces the hormone melatonin

Pituitary: it is located at the base of the brain. It controls many functions of the other endocrine glands.

Thyroid and parathyroid: both are located in front of the neck. They help the body’s calcium balance.

Thymus: it is located in the upper part of the chest and produces T-lymphocytes.

Adrenal glands: they are located on top of both kidneys. They work with hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Pancreas: it is located behind the stomach. It plays a role in digestion and also as a hormone production.

Ovary: it is located on both sides of the uterus. It produces estrogen and progesterone.

Testes: They produce testosterone and sperm.

Organs in the digestive system

Mouth:Teeth are used to chew food,and mix it with saliva ,then this food is send to the oesophagus.
Salivary Glands :saliva contains enzyme amylase to break down carbohydrates.
The Oesophagus :It transport food from the mouth to the stomach
The Stomach : Makes a milky mixture called chyme by breaking food into small pieces and mixing it with stomach juices.
The Liver:The liver produces bile to neutralise stomach acids in the intestine ,it also clears the blood of wastes.
The Gallbladder :It stores the bile that is need in the liver and when the liver need it is released into the small intestine.
The Pancreas :the Pancreas produces enzymes called amylase,lipase and protease ,they help to break down starch and fats.
The Small Intestine : Most of the food is digested by the small intestine using some enzymes from the pancreas and bile.
The Large Intestine :It removes excess of water and salts from waste materials and make poo or faeces.
The Rectum: Stores the faeces before they leave the body.
The Anus: Holds the poo until you go to the toilet.

Excretory system- Wastes

Those wastes are basically the extra fluids that are not useful, because the urpose of the excretory system is to regulate those and just keep the exact amount of water, salts, and nutrients.

However, the wastes produced by it may depend on which medium are they crossing, for example through skin we got sweat, or from the kidneys we got urine which is liquid, or from lungs we got carbon dioxide which is a gas. And obviously the solid waste is feces.

So excretory system is important in regulating fluids in the body and excreting out of the body in form of wastes because they are not useful.

Excretory system- organs

What is it, the excretory system?
The excretory system is the union of various organs and glands that help to eliminate the waste from our bodies. The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.

Organs:
Kidneys: The waste is carried by the renal artery to the kidneys, which is responsible for creating the urine, with the help of the Nephron. To reach the kidneys that are the organs which subtracted waste, we need a process known as nutrition, which allows to acquire energy.
Lungs: The nutrients will go directly to blood, which carries the exchange gaseous through the lungs.

After creating the urine, blood in good condition is compressed in the Nephron on top, which carry blood in good condition through the renal vein back to the heart and lungs to pick up oxygen.

Ureters: 2 ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder: The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.

Urethra : The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.

Endocrine System - Diseases

Diseases happen in the endocrine system when our bodies have too much or too little of ANY hormone. This can be really dangerous.
Some diseases are:
- Type one diabetes: Is the condition in which the pancreas doesn’t produce enough of insulin (a hormone that helps the body convert sugars and starches into energy). This is a video of Type One Diabetes.
- Adrenal insuffiency: Happens when the adrenal glands do not produce ENOUGH corticosteroids.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: When women have PCOS they produced androgens in higher amounts. This leds to hormone imbalance and interferes with ovulation and normal egg development.
- Menopause: A woman in mid-life has began to drop their levels of estrogen. The reproductive organs gradually shut down. Women notice that their periods become lighter, farther apart and then eventually, they end.

Endocrine system --- organs

The endocrine system is the one that controls all the hormones that are produced and exported through all the body for the properly function of the different organs. All its parts are set to create different hormones for different jobs; we will call these parts like glands.

The pituitary gland is the organ in charge of segregating all the important hormones that have different effects in the body. It is called the ‘master’ gland because all the glands depend on its stimulations.

The thyroid gland has the function of controling the body's metabolism and produce hormones that help to control the heart tempo, the growing of the bones and the muscles and for the electrical impulses that are carry out by the nervous system. It also affectes the mood and the memory.

The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid and their job is to regulate the calcium label in the body for the properly function of the nervous and muscular system.

The adrenal glands are orange-colored glands which are found in top of both kidneys. They are responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine which is adrenaline. They also produce other hormones that are necessary for fluid and salt balance in the body.

The pancreas is located in the upper abdomen and its the one in charge of secrete insulin and other hormones necessary for the orderly cellular storage.

The reproductive glands
The testes they are suspended within a sac of skin called the scrotum. They have two main functions: formation, development and excretion of sperm and segregation of testosterone.
The ovaries are the female genitals which function is to produce eggs and the female hormone, estrogen.

The nervous system :
Subtances :
the subtances that's affect the nervous system is the alcohole , because with that subtance make that your body and your brain being to stay lost and make that only acts without thinking and that's make that the person do bad things that's why the alcohole is a bad subtance for the nervous system.
A good subtance is the coffe , because it stiumulates the nervous system .

excretory system diseases

(This is most of why i talk)
Excretory system diseases

Diseases and disorders

diseases and disordersthat affect the excretory system include goat kidney failure and urinary tract infections

Kideny failure: occurs trough the body loss of kidney functions, when the kidney failsthere is no filtering of the blood wuich leads the build up of waste into the body, kidney failure is tratedwhit renal dyalisis to filter waste out of the blood this is a temporaly fix for the condition a kideny transplant is the only cure for this



Gout: is a disorder in which the body builds up excesss amount of uric acid as the kidney are unable to porcess it properly, this disorder causes joint pain and kidney stones and is trated with specail diets



Urinary tract infections: are caused by bacteria that enter to the uretraand the bladder ,urinary tract infectios are mor common in women than men, this is beliaved to be due to the proximity from the females uretra from the anus, and is trated with antibiotics to remove the infection.


(URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS)

The lungs

I had to explain the main functions of the lungs. There were many interesting things I found out about lungs doing this assignment. First of all, the lungs are part of the respiratory system and their main function is to help us breath. Now first, the air comes in through the mouth or nose, goes down through the trachea, and this tube is then split into two, one of these tubes goes into one lung while the other goes through the other one, then these two tubes are split into smaller tubes and then into small air sacs where the air is carried to the rest of the body. In the air sacs, oxygen switches places with carbon dioxide, this is called GAS EXCHANGE. I also talked about some of the diseases which were, Emphysema, Pulmonary Embolism, Tuberculosis, and Bronchitis. I also talked about Asthma, in the bronchus, the muscles around the tubes tighten and makes it harder to breath, this causes coughing and lack of air.

Blogging from the Science Department

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